homework

 https://www.englishexercises.org/makeagame/viewgame.asp?id=4617

https://www.perfect-english-grammar.com/present-simple-exercise-1.html

You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

You recently bought a camera while travelling overseas. When you got to your destination you discovered that some important items were missing from the box.

Write a letter to the local representative of the company. In your letter

• give details of the camera and where you bought it
• explain what has happened
• say what you want him/her to do about it

Write at least 150 words.

 

On the move

Economic analysis sheds light on the history of migration and on its future

A.  DURING successive waves of globalisation in the three centuries leading up to the first world war, migration of labour was consistently one of the biggest drivers of economic change. Since 1945 the world has experienced a new era of accelerating globalisation, and the international movement of labour is proving once again to be of the greatest economic and social significance. As a new study by Barry Chiswick of the University of Illinois at Chicago and Timothy Hatton of the University of Essex makes plain, it is economic factors that have been uppermost throughout the history of migration.

B.  For many years after the discovery of America, the flow of, free migrants from Europe was steady but quite small: transport costs were high, conditions harsh and the dangers of migration great. In 1650 a free migrant's passage to North America cost nearly half a year's wages for a farm labourer in southern England. Slavery predominated until the slave trade was stopped in the first half of the 19th century. By around 1800, North America and the Caribbean islands had received some 8m immigrants. Of these, about 7m were African slaves.

C.  The first era of mass voluntary migration was between 1850 and 1913. Over 1m people a year were drawn to the new world by the turn of the 20th century. Growing prosperity; falling transport costs and lower risk all pushed in the same direction. Between 1914 and 1945, war, global depression and government policy reduced migration. During some years in the 1930s, people returning to Europe from the United States, even though comparatively few, actually outnumbered immigrants going the other way. After the second world war the cost of travel fell steeply. But now the pattern changed. Before long Europe declined as a source of immigration and grew as a destination. Emigration from developing countries expanded rapidly: incomes there rose enough to make emigration feasible, but not enough to make it pointless. Many governments began trying to control immigration. Numbers, legal and illegal, surged nonetheless, as economics had its way.

D.  Migration, it is safe to assume, is in the interests of (voluntary) migrants: they would not move otherwise. The evidence suggests that it is also very much in the overall interests of the receiving countries. But, as Mr Chiswick and Mr Hatton point out, there are losers in those countries. The increase in the supply of labour means that the wages of competing workers may fall, at least to start with.

E.  The economic conditions now seem propitious for an enormous further expansion of migration. On the face of it, this will be much like that of a century ago. As before, the main expansionary pressures arc rising incomes in the rich countries and rising incomes in the poor ones. (This second point is often neglected: as poor countries get a little less poor, emigration tends to increase, because people acquire the means to move.) The study emphasises, however, two crucial differences between then and now.

F.  One is that, in the first decade of the 20th century, the receiving countries needed lots of unskilled workers in industry and farming. In the first decade of the 21st century, in contrast, opportunities for unskilled workers are dwindling. In the United States, wages of unskilled workers are falling. The fall is enough to hurt the workers concerned, but not to deter new immigrants.

G.  And the other big difference between now and a century ago? It is that the affected rich-country workers are in a stronger position to complain, and get something done. The most likely result is that a trend that is already well established will continue: countries will try to restrict the immigration of unskilled workers, giving preference to workers with skills.

H.  This does help, in one way, quite apart from narrowing the rich countries' shortage of skilled workers: it reduces the pressure to make low wages even lower. However, the idea has drawbacks too. It turns away many of the poorest people who want to migrate, which is hard to justify in humanitarian terms. Also, it pushes others from this group into illegal immigration, which exposes them to dangers, makes integration more difficult and may even make the wages of low-paid workers even lower than if the same migrants entered legally. On top of all this is the loss of skilled workers in the sending countries. Already some of the world's poorest nations lose almost all the doctors they train to jobs in Europe or North America. Money immigrants send home offsets some of that loss, but not all.

I.  Today's migration, much more than the migration of old, poses some insoluble dilemmas. Belief in individual freedom suggests that rich countries should adopt more liberal immigration rules, both for unskilled migrants and skilled ones. With or without such rules, more migrants are coming. And in either case, the question of compensation for the losers, in rich countries and poor countries alike, will demand some attention.

 

Questions 1-5

Complete the notes below.

Choose ONE OR TWO WORDS from the passage.

Write your answers in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.

1Until the early 19th century the majority of migrants to North America were .

2However, in the second half of the 19th century, and cheaper travel meant that more people could afford to emigrate voluntarily.

3At the beginning of the 20th century, immigrants to receiving countries found jobs as in factories and on farms.

4After the second world war there was a great increase in emigrants from .

5Nowadays, receiving countries generally prefer immigrants .

Questions 6-11

Which paragraphs in the passage contain the following information?

Write the correct letter, A-I, in boxes 6-11 on your answer sheet.

6changing departure points and destinations for migrants  ..........

7disadvantages of present immigration policies  ..........

8the immigrants who rich countries find more acceptable  ..........

9how earning more money affects migration  ..........

10migration was mainly compulsory  ..........

11changing the laws on immigration  ..........

Questions 12-13

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

12Pressure to migrate is increasing now because

Aeconomic conditions have become more desperate.

Bimmigration restrictions are being relaxed.

Cpeople generally earn more.

Dthere is a greater need for unskilled workers.

13Lower incomes for unskilled workers in receiving countries have

Aencouraged countries to import skilled workers.

Bled to protests about immigration.

Creduced the amount of money immigrants send home.

Dprovided opportunities for immigrants in manufacturing and agriculture.

Questions 14-16

The list below gives some of the effects of immigration restrictions.

Which THREE effects are mentioned in the passage?

AIt is more difficult for illegal immigrants to integrate.

BJobs in sending countries become more secure.

CMore unskilled workers immigrate illegally.

DUnskilled workers in receiving countries may become poorer.

EWorkers in rich countries complain.

FSkilled workers may lose their jobs.

Questions 17-18

The list below gives reasons for relaxing immigration restrictions.

Which TWO reasons are mentioned in the passage?

AImmigrants send money back to their country of origin.

BImmigration in greater numbers is inevitable.

CIt would be ethically correct.

DIt would ease population pressures in poor countries.

ERich countries need more skilled workers